| |
| |
| Map of Social and Cultural |
| |
 |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social & Cultural DKI Jakarta's Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
DKI Jakarta's province has citizen who’s come from 300 tribe and 200 languages. As the capital city of Indonesia's republic country, Jakarta is the spot line of invention between nation culture and international. Jakarta becomes a barometer Indonesia's culture development. The various culture attractions, food and art is shown routine in every culture event in central Jakarta.
DKI Jakarta's province as routine arranges the election of Abang and None in Jakarta. In this activity always shows Ondel-ondel from (original citizen of Jakarta).
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social & Cultural Banten Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
In Banten, there have the ancestor's inheritance that is very honor such as Banten exalted Mosque, Panjang sacred graved, Al-Azhom greater Mosque and some of other history inheritance that has religious nuance. This history background makes Banten citizens majority have a spirit religious of Islam that is very strong with high tolerance. A big part of citizen is indeed Islam follower but other religion follower can life together with peace. In some of measure, Banten can become one of example for giant Pluralism religion laboratory in Indonesia .
Banten's people social culture condition is colored by people potential and special culture which has very kind of variations, begin with art self- |
defense Pencak Silat, Debus, Rudat, umbruk, saman dance, topeng dance, cokek dance, dog-dog, palingtung and lojor. Almost all of traditional art are more colored by Islam ethnics. There are also have traditional art which come from outside Banten, but all of that has had acculturations culture process so it is impression as Banten's traditional art for example; Kuda Lumping art, Tayuban, Gambang, Kromang and Cokek dance. The language that is used by Banten's people especially in North area is Java Serang language, while in South is Sunda language. However, generally the people around there are more often using Indonesia language.
Banten provinces also famous with their traditional people who are staying firm in customs and traditions, in the way their costume or other life form. They know by Baduy tribe which is staying in kanekes village, leuwi damar district, lebak regent house. Baduy's people generally locate in rivulet of Ciujung river area in Kendeng mountain range.
South Banten about 65 km in south of capital city of Banten province. The government determines the Kendang mountain range culture guarantee for about 5.101.85 ha in Kenekes as the place fr their live. This are as known as entrusted area from their ancestor which have to take care and awake with well. It cannot be destroyed and acknowledged by private own. This tribe has high and famous culture so it makes Banten as Tour Primadonna for domestic and foreign countries with nature tour or science research activity.
Although art in Banten has many various art, debus is the most popular art. This art is made in 16th century under Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin administration (1532-1570). Sunan Gunung Jati that is one of Cirebon Sultanete organizer in 1520 introduces Islam. In his peace expedition together with conquer of Sunda Kelapa. Then, when Banten's power is in Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (1651-1682), debus is focused as tools to get up the spirit of warriors to fight the Dutch's colonization. Moreover, in his administration, there are tensions with new comers from Europe , especially Dutch's trader who joined in Vereenigde Oost Indische (VOC).
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social & Cultural Jogyakarta Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Introduction language generally is Java language that is showing the ethnics in DIY province is Java's tribe/ethnics. The main culture that is had consists of physical cultural condition (tangible) and non-physical culture (intangible).
Physical culture condition (tangible) is consisting of:
1. History and archaeological condition
Culture guarantee are is amount 13 areas (KCB) that is spread in 4 regent house and city. It is consist of 6 KCB in city urban area, 3 KCB in suburban area. The culture guarantee thing's potential that is had by them is 365 things |
|
| 2. Museum existence condition
The numbers of Museum that is had by private museum or state museum are 30 museums. There are consisting of 14 culture and art guarantee thing's museum, 7 museum of education and science and 9-struggle museum. In Yogyakarta city has 18 museums, Dieman Regent House has 9 museums, Bantul regent house has 2 museums and Gunung Kidul regent house has 1 museum.
Non-physical condition (intangible) is:
1. Art condition
Non-physical potential is consist of art in various kind and fine art, dance art, art of music, theater art and other. The number of organization and art group in DIY are 2863 organizations in four regent house and city.
2. Customs and tradition conditions
Customs and ceremony is one of culture activity that is done by the people. In Yogyakarta there are still having 5 customs ceremony. Sleman regent house has 11 customs; Bantul regent house has 24 customs ceremony. Kulon Progo regent house has 10 customs has 10 customs ceremony and Gunung Kidul regent house has 16 customs ceremony in 9 district.
3. Tradition language
Yogyakarta is the central of language and Java literature which is consist of literature Panama language, literature manner, literature measurements, dialect, sengkala and oral in the form of fairy tales, japamantra, pawkon and Java's letter.
4. Culture infrastructure
Culture infrastructures are supporting to preservations and creativity development of artist has been there for about 130 pieces. In any kind of form, it is like stage, pendopo, exhibition, show room, music studio, village meeting hall, auditorium, workshop and field, while the central of traditional cultural perpetuation which is mention, there is about 60 culture village and 22 tour village with physical or non physical potential.
5. Culture institution
In this province, their are178 institutions that are consist of foundation; organization, education institution, government agency and organization that are perpetuate traditional culture value. Having this formation of institute in framework to follow the speedy of alteration that is not balance with nation's culture readiness in framework, make Indonesia in safe and peace conditions. The government of province passes through to potential and culture source process their culture as well in framework to create Indonesia in safe and peace conditions. |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social & Cultural West Java Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Silih Asah
Silih Asih
Silih Asuh
This poetic word is not random poet, but rather as life philosophy, but rather as life philosophy which is followed by majority of west java citizen. This philosophy teach human to take care each other, based on love and share the knowledge and experience each other. The truth is a life Democritus's concept which is rooted in awareness and nobleness of intelligence and this philosophies root is stab for to the earth in literal meaning. Different with other civilization's people in Indonesia archipelago, West Java's civilization's people which has original citizen and speaks Sudanese is influenced by fertile and nature world. That's
|
|
why in social interaction, the citizen there follow that philosophy.
Beside they can be intimate with nature environment and other human. Sudanese also close by the God who is created them and universe or the place where they lives (triangle of life). Intimacy sundae people with the environment show how the West Java people especially in village protect the preservation environment. In this province, there are many of citizens as their initiative take care their nature environment.
Intimacy Java people to God cause the people there is relative as known as religious people who are holding firmly to their religious value and believe. It is Islam which has the most followers. Next are Christian (catholic and protestant), Hindu, Buddhist, and other. Nevertheless, in process of daily life, West Java people is relative open when they interaction with new value which is secular inclined in one dynamic interaction process and harmonize. Improvement of life's quality and harmony of religious follower is draw by the increase of religion place. The numbers of mosque are increase from 43.005 in 2004 to 50.339 mosque in 2005. The numbers of church are 1536 to 1629 church. The numbers of Catholic Church or chapels are 50 chapels to 110 chapels. The numbers of shrine or temple are 24 temples and the number of bushiest monastery or pagodas are 171 to 181 pagodas.
West Java's culture is dominated by Sunda. Their tradition customs which are full of Pasundan world treasure and become the culture reflection there. The territory regulation of West Java's culture are include the care of language, literature and traditional letter, art, archipelago and their history, traditional values and also the museum as the part of culture management, and the tourism which is based on culture and shows the West Java's culture art are ready to show and it has economic value.
To perpetuate West Java's culture, Local government decides the 12 culture village. They are special village which is order to the importance of perpetuate culture in traditional form or in traditional house. These culture villages are:
- Cikondan quarters, Lamajang village, Pangalengan district, Bandung regent house;
- Mahmud quarters, Mekar Rahayu village, Margaasih district, Bandung regent house;
- Kuta quarters, Karangpaninggal village, Tembaksari district, Ciamis regent house;
- Gede Kasepuhan Cipta Gelar quarters, Sirnaresmi village, Cisolok district, Sukabumi regent house;
- Dukuh quarters, Cijamba village, Cikelet district, Garut regent house;
- Pulo quarters, Cangkuang village, Leles district, Garut regent house;
- Ciburuy Traditional quarters, Palamayan village, Bayongbong district, Garut regent house;
- Naga quarters. Neglasari village, Salawu district, Tasikmalaya regent house;
- Urug quarters, Kiarapandak village, Sukajaya district, Bogor regent house;
- Citalang Tradition House, Citalang village, Purwakarta district, Purwakarta regent house;
- Lengkong Tradition House, Lengkong village, Garangwangi district, Kuningan regent house;
- Panjalin Tradition House, Panjalin village, Sumberjaya district, Majalengka regent house.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social & Cultural East Java Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Generally, the religious of life condition in East Java is appropriate with all side wish. It is signify with the different of religion's life and the harmonious of intereligious life. They show mutual respect each other in doing of each religious study. The development of religious place is indicate that the different of religious life is more stable so it hopeful that can fortify all people from the current globalization which is attack the world violently. The numbers of tradition languages are 6 languages with 5 ethnics/tribes. The numbers of archaeological site are 181 sites which are spread in various territories.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social & Cultural Central Java Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
They have the only tradition language and one tribe in Center Java, it is Java. To build local culture they have to run Java's language congress IV on 10-14 October, 2006. This congress is followed by all of Indonesian or other country delegates. One of other reaction of this congress recommendation is assembling the Java language curriculum as one of local study in Elementary School, Junior High School and Senior High School.
In Center Java, the religious lives are good and harmonize. The building priorities also have been focused to increase the number of Klenteng Sam Poo Khong, Budhayaga pagodas, Watugong and Center Java exalted mosque.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Bali Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Bali province has the uniqueness and special characteristic itself. In government order is famous by official government and tradition. The existence of traitional organization is arranged by territory regulation number 3, 2003. About Pakranian villages, In 2005, the number of Pakranian villages are 1432 villages, consist of 3945 Banjar tradition. Beside that there are 276 history sites which is in good take care. The number of community (sekaha) are Bali dancer art, it is about 3738 group, music art or Karawitan 7944 art and group of Pesantian 1765 groups.
Social culture life’s Bali people is Based on “Tri Hita Karana” philosophy. It means three cause of prosperity that needs balance and harmony are |
|
relationship between himan to God (Parahyangan), Human to Human (Pawongan), and Human to environment (palemahan). People live behavior is based on “karmaphala” philosophy; it is kind of believed that there are cause effect between act and result of the act. A big part of people life is colored by any kind religious or tradition ceremony. So their spiritual life cannot be removed from any kind or ritual ceremony, because of that, every time in some place of Bali is seen of ceremony dish of food or flower ceremony. This ceremony has distant of time as periodically, incidental, and in every day, it makes group of five called Panca Yadnya, consist of Dewa Yadnya, it is ceremony connect with worship to the only God or Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa. Rsi Yadnya is ceremony which relation with the religious leader (priest, pamangku and other), Pitra Yadnya, it is ceremony which has relation with ancestors spirit (Ngaben Ceremony, Memukur), Manusa Yadnya
Is ceremony which has relation with human (welcome birth, three month, otonan, cut tooth and marriage) and Buta Yadnya, it is ceremony which has relation with keep watch the natural balance ( Mecaru ceremony, Mulang Pekelem).
One of other local wisdom is the existence of Subak organization as the organization to arrange about Bali’s traditional irrigation systems which have the characteristic of socio-religious. This organization is consisting of Subak which arrange the weth field agriculture (rise field) and Subak Abian it arrange the dry agriculture (tegalan). In this year, there are 1.312 Subak.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam province is consist of 9 tribe, it is Aceh (majority), Tamiang (east part of Aceh regent house), Alas (south west Aceh regent house), Aneuk Jamee (south Aceh), Naeuk Laot, Semeulu and Sinabang (semeuhe regent house). Each of tribe has culture, language and the way they think their self.
The commant use language is Aceh language. It have some of local dialect, it is like Aceh Rayeuk, Pidie dialect and north Aceh dialect, and for Gayo language is know as Gayo Lut dialect. Gayo Deret and Gayo Lues.
There use Malay customs and tradition which is arrange all of activity and behavior of people is based on Islam law. Assembling of Islam law in this province is not the new things. Far from republic of Indonesian stand, for about Kesultanate era, Islam law has been penetrating in Aceh people self.
History shows how the Aceh people make Islam as be guided by Islam and the l |
|
eader of Islam have the honor place. Appreciation as the exclusiveness of Aceh with their law Islam is cleared by government regulation number 44 in 1999 it is about implementation of the exclusiveness of Aceh. In government regulation no 1, 2006 about the Aceh government, It is included that Al-Syakhsiyah field (family problem, it is like marriage, divorce, legacy, guardianship, basic necessities of life, baby sitter and commons property), mu’amalah (customs and manners problem as human in daily life, it is like trade, feint and borrow), and Jinayah (criminality) which is based on islam law and arrange by qanun (local regulation).
Government regulation gives the free from Aceh to organize the citizen’s life as Islam studies. Although of that other religion followers have been guaranteed to pray as their own believe. This is the type of social culture Aceh’s people by the majority of Islam community there. But this province has the various religions the various kind of art and culture makes this province have the importance it self. In literature art, this province has 80 folktales which is in Aceh’s language, Gayo language, Aneuk Jame, Tamiang and Semelue. Other literature is poem which is known as tale. One of the famous tales is Sabi (sabil war).
Dance art in Aceh also have the special and Unix it self, which have feature on the beginning it just doing in certain ceremony which have ritual characteristic it is not for watching, this harmonious combination between dance, music and literature, is pulled by mans with limited place, the repeated movement mutinous in the pattern of movement which is simple and it is doing by revelation and in a long time.
There are many of dances like Seudati, Saman, Rampak, Rapai and Rapai geleng. The last dace is the very famous dance and also it mixed from Rampai dance and Saman dance. In fine art Rumoh Aceh is one of Architecture work which is made by Demand of the culture at that time. Other fine art is carved art which ahs calligraphy characteristic. Aceh special weapon is Rencong. It made based on the mixed of the culture to process the Iron (metallurgy) with the forgin art. The kind of Rencong that is very famous is Siwah.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural North Sumatra Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
North Sumatra also knows as multicultural province which is inside consist of ethnics and religion. Beside Batak and Melayu is the original citizen of this province, there are a lot of other ethnics community who always life together. At the least, there are 13 tribes which is original tribe and four tribes is stranger tribe. This variety of tribes is not include Java, China and India yet who life together with them.
This variety of tribe of course are followed by mosaic of customs and tradition and also the variety of customs and tradition in North is colored by Batak, Mandailing, Malay, Karo, Nias, Pesisir, Angkola, Pakpak and Simalungun tradition. The development of social culture is relative good, if we remember that the level of people awareness and measurement to understand the Pluralism, variety of culture, mosaic of culture and manners and also the harmony of intereligioun follower is high enough.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
|
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Bengkulu Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
There are four traditional languages that are used by Bengkulu people; it is like Malay, Rejang, Pekal, and Lembak language. The citizens of Bengkulu province is coming from three stools of big tribes, it is consist of Rejang, Serawai and Malay tribe and theirs traditional song is Lalan Balek.
In the field of religion life, the awareness to do the religion ritual in people majority who is Islam in quantitative manners is good. The awareness in religion leader to built social harmony and relationship between in and out religion follower that is safe, peace and bear mutual respect is good enough.
Beside that, there are customs and tradition that is intimate enough with |
|
Bengkulu people. For example: Bersurek cloth, it is cloth which is written by bald arab letter. People believe in Bengkulu generally or 95% are Islam follower. Tradition ceremonies also celebrate by Bengkulu people. It is like circumcision, married tradition ceremony, ceremony of cutting kid's hair who is recent born. One of traditional ceremony is 'TABOT' this is traditional ceremony which is celebrate on 1 until 10 Muharram every year to commemorate the die of Hasan and Husen grandchild of Prophet Muhammad SAW by Yalid's family from Syi'ah community in the war of karbala in 61 Hijriah. In TABOT ceremony, they celebrate it with exhibitions and fishes match, telong-telong and other art that is followed by arts communities in Bengkulu province so it become the entertaining program and write in tourist calendar.
Life philosophy for people around there is "Sakadang Samo Mendaki, Kelurah Samo Menurun, Yang Berat Samo Dipikul, Yang Ringan Samo Dijinjing" it means to construct something, any heavy job if we do it together will become light in weight too. Other is "Bulek air Kek Pembukuh. Bulek Kata Rek Sepakat" it means to join with bamboo, join with people opinion.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Riau Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Riau is stayed in avant grade in guarding the tradition and Malay culture in Indonesia. The main language in this province is Malay, customs and tradition that is developed and life in this province is Malay’s customs and traditions that are arrange all of activity and manners of Islam follower. The citizen is consisting of all of Malay Riau Tribe and other tribe, beginning with Bugis, Banjar, Mandahiling, Batak, Java, Minangkabau and China. The uniqueness in this province is their still have the group of people who is known by Isolate people. They are:
1. Sakai tribe: a ethnics groups which is staying in some regent house like Kampar, Bengkalis, and Damar;
2. Talang Mamak tribe: staying in Indagiri Hulu regent house with the |
|
spread of localization in three districts: Pasir Penyu, Siberia and Rengat;
3. Akit tribe: social group that is staying in Panjang forest, Rupat district, Bengkalis Regent House;
4. Jugle Tribe: the original tribe which is staying in Selat Baru and Jangkang in Bengkalis and also makes the villages in Rangsang island, Tebing Tinggi district, and staying in Merbau, apit River and Kuala Kampar.
Riau Province is very rich with the traditional handkerchiefs but until today this economic potential of citizen stills less of attention. One of traditional handkerchiefs from Riau is cane works that have a close relationship with daily needs of human. This handicraft is developed in any various forms. It is made from Pandanius leaft, Rasau leaft, seaweed, Resam Grass Blade, Rattan, Coconut leaf, Nipah leaf, and Rumbia leaf. This cane work has many various products, begin with Bakul, Chock stick, Ambung, Katang-katang, plaited mat, Kajang, roof, Ketupat, cover of dishes laid out on the table, veil and fishing equipment which is called Sempirai, Pangloo, Lukan and soon.
Other cane work that is also popular in Siak fabric, this fabric has special motif and they have high value selling. This Siak fabric is usually doing by traditional equipment.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Riau Archipelago Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
As the province borders on neighbor nation and in the way of international trading, since a long time ago has been assimilated and culture merger. This province inhabited 17 ethnics, such as Melayu Sumatera and Kalimantan, Minang, Java, Bugis, Batak, Sunda, Aceh, Bali, Madura, Nias, Flores, Dayak, Papua, Betawi, Ambon, and China.
The varieties of these ethnics are enrich the local language. There are 10 languages that is used for communication, there are is Malay, Minang, Java, Bugis, Batak, Sunda, Aceh, Bali, Madura, and Nias language.
In this province, the percentage of adult community who can read and write Latin is reach 96%.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural West Sumatera Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
The majority of West Sumatra people are Minangkabau tribe. This tribe is from two dominant tribe: Koto Piliang that is built by Datuak Katumanggungan and Bodi Chaniago who is built by Datuak Parpatiah Nan Sabatang, Kato Piliang tribe use aristocracy system and know in technical terms Titiak Dari Ateh (spot from above) in the style of Pagaruyung palace. In the other hand Chaniago has more democratic and know in technical term Mambasuik Dari Bumi (appear from the earth).
Everyday, the citizens speak with Minangkabau language which has some of dialect, like Bukittinggi dialect, Pariaman dialect, South Pasisir dialect, Payakumbuh dialect. While in Mentawai archipelago, which is located in several kilometers in off shore of West Sumatra, the citizen is used Mentawai language. Although in Pasama, Batak language which has Mandailing dialect is used but Batak Mandailing tribe. |
|
West Sumatra citizen is very appraise the traditional value and the traditional culture and also open hand with other positive value which is from outside. This condition brings to the community which is very conducive to Nation development and reformation desire. Although Minangkabeu tribe is dominate West Sumatra people at all, their life relative harmonious and peace with other new comer which is consist of many minority ethnics such as Mentawai tribe in Mentawai archipelago, Mandailing tribe in Pasaman, who has been resettled in another region from java in Pasaman, and Sijunjung, China ethnics community, and other comer tribe who are staying on the cities in west Sumatra. Between their fellow, they have connection and social interaction which is positive and rarely had ravine and a big social jealousy between many of various community and groups. This thing is strong reason for Nation Unity which is kept and developed and also be increased.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural South Sumatera Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
South Sumatera is also called Bumi Sriwijaya because this area in VII-XII century constitute centre of the biggest and strongest kingdom maritime in Indonesia that is Sriwijaya kingdom. It’s influenced until Formosa and China then Madagascar in Africa.
In this province which well known with songket and pelangi cloth there are 12 kinds of local language and 8 ethnics. The most dominant ethnics are Komering, Ranau, and Semendo ethnic. To keep diversity stay into harmony, the local government makes the region regulation to manage the cultures. This regulation includes to protect language, literature, and letter of alphabet, protection of art, traditional value, and museum. The tourism of South Sumatera in the corridor of the region regulation, so that the tourism there will keep based on the South Sumatera culture at one side and has a high economic value in the other side. |
|
The South Sumatera community generally live harmonious and religious, during the period at 2004-2006 for example, it has no bad note about conflict between one ethnic and the other ethnics, but the government has made a preventive to try to get peaceful among community by coming religion figure, etc. In many forum the government emphasize the important for harmony and stability for next development.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Bangka Belitung Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Although there are many of tribe which is staying in Bangka Belitung's archipelago such as Melayu, Bugis, Java, Batak, Buton, Sunda, Madura, Flores, Bali and Chinese descent, the dominate language that is used by them is Malay which is also the language in around place. Mandarin and java are in second place.
In the Field of culture, local people's customs and traditions of course become dominate to organize, even for certain measure, it can be exploitation for power of attraction tourism itself. Some of customs and traditions which is often doing by people are:
1. Sepintu Sedulang; this is ritual as known as Nganggung, where |
|
the people prepare food tray which have of food for being eaten by everybody whose present in mosque;
2. Rebo Kasan; The ceremony which is celebrate as thanks feeling to Allah SWT, The Only God, so they will escape from disaster before looking for fish in the sea;
3. Buang Joang; The rejection of troop’s ceremony for the safe of village; It is like Rebo Kasan ceremony;
4.
Ceriak Nerang; the ceremony after harvest the rice, as the symbol to thanks to Allah SWT The Only God;
5.
Perang Ketupat; this ceremony is celebrated every Sya'ban month to welcome Ramadhan;
6.
Mandi Belimau; it is celebration of a week before beginning of Ramadhan on the border of Limbung river;
7.
Lesong Panjang; this ceremony is celebrated as thanks to Allah SWT for the crop;
8.
Adat Sijuk; it is the special ceremony in big day of religion;
9.
Tari Sambut; special dance in Bangka Belitung, when people welcome the particular guest, and
10. Nirak Nanggok; this customs ceremony is to show thanks feeling for the goodness of GOD in Membalong village, Belitung.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Jambi Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
There are the only language used in Jambi's Province, it is Malay with some of traditional dialect, it is like Kerinci's dialect, Bungo/Tebo, Sarolangun, Bangko, east Malay (west Tanjung Jabung and east Tanjung Jabung), Batanghari, across Jambi, Inland Kid and Mixed. Especially for Kerinci people, they have their own letter that is known by Encong letter that is met and used by people group there.
This province is multiethnic, the most of ethnics is Melayu Jambi and other is tribe and ethnic from all around Indonesia. Dominant ethnic are Minang, Bugis, Java, Sunda, Batak, china, Arab and India. In this province, Malay costume and tradition is very dominant. These traditions |
|
arrange all of activity and behavior of citizen who is Islam follower. Adage which is very common are "adapt bersendikan sara","sara bersendikan Kitabullah", or "sara mengato adapt memakai" a lot of Islam law up holder color Jambi people in their daily life.
Many of theory and Islam influence are applied, one of them are Tahlilan for the death, Yasinan and any kind of ceremony which follow cycle of human life, as agrarian’s people, Jambi people also have customs and tradition which is relations with agriculture. For example: "serentak turun ke umo." In field to make appropriate with the weather that is guide by climate rotation, it is called "piamo". In the plant safety in order that it cannot be destroyed by livestock it is valid a traditional aphorism "Umo bekandang siang, kerbo bekandang malam". It means if the livestock disturb the plant on the afternoon, so the responsible is on the owner of field or garden, opposite if the livestock is enter the field or garden in the night, so the responsible is on the owner of livestock. Making the customs and tradition strong and protect. So there are activities of art and culture social which is often doing, such as:
- Tari Asik, it is celebrated by a group of people to chase the disease;
- Tari Bardah, celebrating when the disaster is happened for rejection the disaster;
- Kendri Seko, the purpose is cleaning the heirlooms such as Creased, spear, the Bible in the form of old Ranji-ranji;
- Mandi Safar, celebrating at Wednesday on the last of month of safar reject disaster;
- Mandi Belimau Gedang, is celebrating when Ramadhan will come. The purpose is to clean and aromatize our self; and
- Ziarah Kubur, is celebrating when Ramadhan will come. This is for praying for our ancestors.
Jambi province has a lot of tradition handicraft, one of traditional handicraft is cane work that is growing in various form. Cane work is made from pandan leaf, rasau leaf, seaweed; fern cluster stem, rattan, coconuts leaf, Nipa palm leaf, and sago palm leaf. The product of this plaited mats are Bakul, chopsticks, Ambung, Katang-katang, plaited mats, kajang, roof, ketupat, movable cone and fishing equipment named sempirai, pangilo, lukah and soon. Other handicrafts are weaving affairs that are very famous with woven cloth and Batik with flora motive.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Lampung Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Lampung province is known as “Sang Bumi Ruwa Jurai “it means one earth for staying two kind of people (tribe/ethnics), it is Pepadun people and Saibatin. The first people who stay in main land and Lampung hinterland, it is like in Tulang Bawang territory, Abung, Sungkai, Way Kanan, and Pubian, the second people who stay in beach area such as Labuhar Maringgai, Pesisir Krui, Pesisir Semangka (Wonosobo and Agung City), Balalau, and Pesisir Rajabasa.
Beside the original people of Lampung tribe, Banten tribe, Bugis tribe, Java and Bali too stay in that province. These tribes are entering massive there since Hindia administrations in 1905, Holland move the people from Java to stay in almost all territory in Lampung. This wisdom is continuously until 1979, the extreme limit of Lampung as formal declaration is not become the transmigration place anymore. However, if we remember the position of |
|
Lampung which is strategic as the main entrance of Sumatra island and near from the capital city of this country. The number of citizen from other place cannot be stopping every year.
Generally, Lampung people are stay in quarter named Tiyuh, Anek, or Pekon. Some of quarter is joined in one family name, and the quarter it self is consist of some buway. In every buway or the buway combination is contain a big house called Nuwou Balak. Commonly Nuwou Balak is head of family house who is the leader in that culture and also called Punyimbang Bumi.
Lampung people has the language and letter it self, but the using of Lampung language in city area is still less because of heterogeneity city people and because of that, the using of Indonesia language is more appear. For village area especially in original Lampung people villages (Tiyuh or Pekon), dominated use Lampung language. Lampung language is consist of two dialect, first “O” dialect, common use for perpaduan people. It is like Abung and Menggala: and “A” dialect is common use for Saibatin people such as Labuhan meringgai, Krui coastal area, Semangka coastal area, Belalau, Ranau, Rajabasa coastal area, Komering, and Kayu Agung. However there are perpaduan people who speak “A” dialect, it is way Kanan, Sungkai, and Pubian. Beside they have special tradition language. Lampung people also have letter themselves called Kha gha nga letter. Letter and Lampung language become local curriculums which have to be studied by student of elementary school and junior high school in all Lampung province area.
This culture value of Lampung people is from Piil Pasenggiri philosophy, which is consist of:
a) Piil Pasanggiri (self-esteem, behavior, life attitude);
b) Nengah Nyappur (social life, self open in society);
c) Nemui nyimah (open handed, magnanimous, friendly to every people);
d) Berjuluk Beadek (named have a title, honor each other);
e) Sakai Sambayan (community self help, mutual help).
Lampung people values is seen in tradition art form, begin with traditional dance, Classic Lampung Guitar, Oral Literature, Writing Literature and also in the born and Death ceremony. Establishment of this local tradition is dong by local government and tradition organization as synergies. In 2006, there have the number of art organization. In traditional art or new creation which is spread in any area of Lampung, Organization affiliate is include 127 dance art organizations, 87 music art organizations, 15 theater art organizations and 30 fine art organizations. This province also has 438 guarantee things in the hand of citizen and 93 archaeological site which is spread in some of territory.
Archaeological site in Prehistory period are Pugung Raharjo do Lampung Timur archaeological garden, Batu Bedil site in Tanggamus and Kebon Tebu site in West Lampung which is shape like Menhir and Dolmen. There are also archaeological site of Islam period like old grave in Banteng Sari in East Lampung and Islam grave in Wonosobo, and Tanggamus. History site are grave of Nation Patriot Raden Intan II in South Lampung. In Rua Jurai Lampung museum, base on last note in 2006, there are 4369 valuable goods from some kind of collection that has history value, culture and knowledge.
When job visited to Lampung Province on 14 July, 2005, in the opening announcement of Utsawa Dharma Gita for National level IX, 2005, President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono give a message that: our nation is complex nation which has a different background of clinique mentality, culture and religious but the truly of human is one, it is all human is made by God. Because of that, the differences are not hindrance for us to life in harmony, in peace, and firmly life to become one nation under the name of unitary state of Indonesia Republic.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Papua Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Referred to the different photography customs and traditions, Papua community can be differed into three big groups. They are:
- Sea area community and archipelago with general house characteristic on pole (house stage) with means of livelihood to make Sago and catching fish.
- Back country the hinterland area community which live in river area, swamp, lake, and hill also at the foot of a mountain.
- High level area community with means live lihood are farming and simple breeding.
Original group in Papua stand for 193 ethnics with 193 different language. The beautiful Tribal arts have known in the world to be made by Asmat ethnic, Ka moro, Dani, and
|
|
Sentani ethnic. The source kinds of local wisdom for humanity and arranging environment which is better among others can be found in Aitinyo, Arfak, Asmat, Agast, Aya maru, Mandacan, Biak, Arni, Sentani ethnic and the other ethnics.
Generally Papua community live on relatively system with following father descend line (Patrilinea). The culture itself is from Melanesia. The original Papua community are more using local language is being influenced by sea, jungle, and mountainous nature.
On social behavior there is very unique a community philosophy very unique, such as it is proved by Comoro ethnic culture in Mimic regency that made large drum by using blood. Dani ethnic in Jayawijaya regency like to do mock warfare. On Dani’s language is called Win. This culture constitutes generation to the other inheritance and it is become culture festival Baliem valley. There is also Honai’s traditional house on being mummy preserved with traditional medicine. There are three mummies in Wamena; Aikima mummy 350 years, Jiwika mummy 300 years, and Pumo mummy 250 years.
In Marin ethnic, Merauke regency, there is a plant Sasi ceremony a kind of wood which is done as part of series death ceremony. Sasi is planted 40 days after someone death day and it is taken more after 1000 days. The Asmat ethnic culture is well known until abroad with their curved and souvenir. Asmat curved has four meanings and functions. They are:
a. Symbolize present ancestor soul;
b. For saying feels sad and happy;
c. As a symbol of belief with human, animal, plant motive and the other motives;
d. As a symbol of beauty and thinking description at ancestor.
Imeko ethnic culture in south Sorong regency performance custom dance with Maybrat ethnic culture by dance to celebrate certain day like sugar cane harvest, coming in new house and the other.
To get religion constitutes one of very important aspect for community life in Papua and on peaceful among religion follower there can become example for the other villages, most of Papua community are Christian, but thus ends in accordance transportation fluent, the amount of the other religions including Moslem also has a very good progress more and more. Many missionaries do religion mission in Papua hinterland. They play important character on helping community, not only on school missionaries, hospital but also direct educated on agriculture, learn Indonesian constitute pioneer on opening flight line to hinterlands that are reached by regular flight.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural West Papua Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
West Papua has 24 ethnics with different language between one ethnic and the others.Eventhough one ethnic has several languages West Papua is not identical with the other culture because this ethnic enlarges at several regencies. Arfak ethnic inhabits Arfak mountainous in Manokwari regency till to Bintuni. Doteri ethnic constitute immigrant from Numfor island in Wondama regency seaside, with Kuri, Sumuri, Irarutu, Sebyar, Moscona, Mairasi, Kambouw, Onim, Sekar, Maibrat, Tehit, Imeko, Moi, Tipin, Maya, and Biakethnic since formerly. They constitute majority ethnic and have inhabited Ampat king archipelago.
The original citizen of West Papua works as fishermen and traditional farmers. The West Papua original food are sago, various of tuber and rice. Besides of West Papua original citizen live with the other ethnics from throughout archipelago like Java, Bugis, Batak, Dayak, Menado,
|
|
Key, Tionghoa and the others.
The traditional life of West Papua original community original still can be found in villages and every village is led by ethnic leader as leader. Original community has the majority of religion in West Papua are Christian, Catholic, and Moslem, West Papua region constitutes distributing gospel place and also Moslem. The primitive life in West Papua region almost have not found anymore. Traditional houses are made from tree bark, trunks and branches of tree also rattan string and liana forest has begun to changed with middle permanent house construction.
The remain at archeology civilation can be found in Facfak and Kaiman region like archeology painting motive, human palm of hand, plant and animal motif which are painted in coral walls island by using colour and until now they still become mysterious.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Gorontalo Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Before colonialism, the condition in Gorontalo area has the shape of kingdoms that is arrange by constitution of customs law. Religion and customs in Gorontalo join with technical term "adat bersendikan syara and syara bersendikan Kitabbullah". Gorontalo Pohalaa is the most protrude in other five pahalaa.
That is why Gorontalo is more known. According to Gorontalo people, their ancestor named Hulontalangi, it means a wanderer who go down from the sky. This character is staying in Tilongkabila, finally he married to new comer lady named Tilopudelo whose stop by ship to that place. That ship has 8 passengers. Then, they caused the ethnics' community |
|
or Gorontalo tribe. Hulontalangi name is change to Hulontalo and the last Gorontalo. Gorontalo people use Gorontalo is languages that divide to three dialects, Gorontalo dialect, Bolango dialect, and Suwawa dialect. At this time the dominant dialect is Gorontalo dialect.
Gorontalo people are almost Islam follower. Islam enters to this around area is about 16th century because of there is an old kingdom, it has appeared the classes in Gorontalo citizen: King class and his descent (guardianship), and generally citizen class (Tuangolipu). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural West Kalimantan Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Looking at culture social of West Kalimantan, we will see the mosaics which has dynamic throb. Just imagine, id there are 164 tradition language and 152 of it is sub tribe Dayak and 12 Sub tribe left. This various language is spoke by at least 20 tribe or ethnics. Three of it is original tribe and 17 new comer's tribe left. The number of customs and tradition still perpetuate there, especially when giving birth go on, celebration of 7 month fetus in uterus, the death, plant the rise, harvest, medicinal treatment, anisiasi, red bowl. In that connection, the culture's value is like: spirit of mutual cooperation, religious, honesty, tolerance, social justice, peacefulness, competition, critical and knight still protect in the middle of people.
In sector of economic development, West Kalimantan is persevering enough to fight. Different with tourism sector, one of the tourism weaknesses in this
|
|
province is less of tourism infrastructure. Of course it is a pity. Other direction positional, is truly big. Think of West Kalimantan is exactly next to other country. Because of tourism is not popular, so the citizens around there are not aware with this industry. This is the second weakness of tourism industry in Wes Kalimantan. This condition has difference between Yogyakarta or Bali's condition, where the citizens realize that they can get a very big foreign exchange from tourism world. In the future, it become local government task to exploration tourism potential in this province, for example, they developed the road and inn, around the Sentarum Lake, so this also can become as famous as Toba Lake in North Sumatra. |
| |
|
| |
Social and Cultural South Kalimantan Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Almost original citizen of South Kalimantan is Banjar tribe which is consist of sub tribe, it is Maayan, Lawangan and Bukiat and also has interference with Malay, Java and Bugis tribe. The main identity which is shown is Banjar language as a general medium. New comer citizen is like Java, Malay, Madura and Bugis has come to South Kalimantan for a long time. Malay tribe comes since Sriwijaya Kingdom or as the trader who is staying there. Java tribe come in Majapahit Kingdom even before and Bugis people come and build Pagatan Kingdom in the past.
Maayan tribe, Lawangan, Bukit and Ngaju is influenced by Malay culture and Java. It is joined by Budhas' Kingdom, Hindu and the last is Islam or From Banjar Kingdom, so it makes the Banjar tribe which speaks in Banjar language. Banjar kingdom in 16 and 17 century has a relation with Sultanate of Demak and Mataram. This Kingdom was not slipped away from strange country like Holland and England which is alternately come from Banjar's anchorage.When there were a fight to Holland in 29 century, there are
|
|
leader is like Sultan Hidayat and Prince Antasari dace Holland.
Tradition people of South Kalimantan especially Banjar tribe know a lot of tradition ceremony which is about human life, from the time that human is in uterus until the death. For example: there are prohibition for pregnant woman tradition, Babalas Bidan ceremony when the baby born is 40 days old and also give the name. Marriage ceremony which is consisting of some part, Sajaka Babasasulus is looking for the candidate wife data, Badatang is asking for the hand parents. Bantar Patalian is to give a set of goods or bride price, Qur'an and the top ceremony is Batatai bride or sit in stage, Last is Pemakanan Pengantin, Both of bride and groom go though the honeymoon for 7 days and 7 nights to eat and drink behind the close screen.
In Banjar people, they have developed the literature art and beautiful voice art which come from daily association. One of them is tease each other, sometimes they use poem and Pantun and ones, it is humor between the young generations. This tease in a long time had been changing to become a beautiful literature art until today. For example is aphorism.
Fine art, Banjar tribe knows about the beautiful embroidery and usually use as the equipment of ceremony carved art. In the building of house or mosque; they have carved object which is made by wood, also in equipment industry from brass, it is like place for Betel Vine, Cuspidor, Bokor, Kapit, Abun and soon. Cane work from Pandanus or rattan, generally doing by women to fill up their free time is increased in other territory.
To building art especially for house building, the Banjar people has had the high value of architecture, traditional house is like grand stand house with the highly roof. If you see from side of the house, it is like pyramid. This grand stand houses id different with other because we can know from social class of the owner. A long time ago that house is devided into some high people of group; it is like nobility, the leader of Muslim and trader. They have high Bebungan house which is known as Gajah Baliku, Palimasan Palimbangan, Gajak Manyusu, Balai Laki house and Balai bini house. In the other hand common house are Cacak Burung houses, Tadah Alas house, Gudang house or common cottage. Generally, the houses for common people have cross cubic shape or long cubic.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007).
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Center Kalimantan province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Center Kalimantan is dwelt by variety nation tribe such as Dayak. The mother language is consist of Tens or even hundreds Dayak language. However, in daily association, the language which is often used is Dayak Ngaju, Dayak Maayan, Dayak Kapuan, Java language and Banjar language.
Center Kalimantan also famous with the wealth of culture “Rumah Bentang” is a big house which is dwelt by some families and it passes on from one generation to other generation where the tight kinship become dominant element to take care this culture.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007).
|
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural East Kalimantan province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
The original people of East Kalimantan consist of three big tribes: Dayak, Kutai, and Banjar. The development and progress of reconstruction and standing of giant industries such as LNG Badak, PT Pupuk Kaltim Bontang, PT KEM, PT KPC, and any other coal mining, timber company and any other expand the environment effort and job change. Because of that, the people have a various kind of ethnics or culture. This culture and also the potential to increase the variety of original culture are Bilangan tribe, Tidung, Berusu, Abai, Kayan, Dayak, and new comers’ tribe.
In religious life, there are a good condition even in the next step of tolerance condition between religious follower is establishment the communicating forum for religious follower in province and nine regent house and also four city.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007).
|
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Moluccas Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Moluccas tribe is dominated by Melanesia Pacific tribe which has relatives with Fiji, Tonga and some archipelago Nation and it spread in Pacific Ocean archipelago.
There are a lot of strong proof who show that Moluccas has the tradition union society with the Pacific archipelago nation such as language, traditional songs, foods, house equipment and special music equipment. For example: Ukulele (which is containing in Hawaii culture tradition). Generally they have black dark skin, curly hair, and a big skeleton and body appearance which is more athletic than other tribes in Indonesia because they are archipelago tribe who has activity in the sea such as Sail, Swimming. It is the main activity for man. |
|
In this modern era, many of them have half blood descents with other tribe. Marriage with Minahasa tribe, Sumatra, Java and European (almost Holland) is common in this modern era and born new descents which is not the original Malanisia race anymore. Some of tribes in Moluccas are; Ambon tribe, Lumoli tribe, Nualulu tribe and Rana tribe.
Before portuguse nation set of foot in Terbate (in 1512, Malay language has been exist in Moluccas and it is used as trade language). Melayu ambon language is different with Melayu ternate because a long time ago, the tribes in Ambon and of course influences the development of Ambon Malay language, are very different from other ethnics in Ternate . Each form of Malay language has important role in Moluccas society as the basic for national language. The folk song which is very familiar and usually by the society is Sarinande and Burung Kakak Tua.
If we specify the details based on the religion follower, generally Moluccas province community have 780.579 of Moslem society, 399.879 of Christian, 92.201 of Catholic, 2.619 of Hindu, 491 of Buddhist, 221 of Confucius, and 135 people of other religion. There are a lot of worship places in Moluccas province including 1.028 mosques, 1.130 churches, 13 puras and 5 viharas. Although they have different religion followers, but the tolerance among religion followers are well preserved.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural North Moluccas Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
With the spread of archipelago’s condition, North Moluccas community grows and expands by all their different culture. Based on the note from North Moluccas there are 28 sub ethnics with 29 local languages.
Generally, the kinds of social life and community culture in Moluccas province are very typical that is combination between local culture characteristic of North Moluccas and Moslem culture who is protested by four of Moslem sultanates in North Moluccas in the past. The assimilation from these two cultures produces Moloku Kie Raha’s culture. The kind of its community life is influenced by north Moluccas conditions which are stands for sea, archipelago, hills and tropic jungle. Generally the villages in north Moluccas (more or less than 85%) are located in seaside and the most of them is in small islands. That’s why the life system such as catching fish, hunting animals and growing plant and trading still very influences the dynamic economical social life of North Moluccas community (around 79%).
|
|
While relative association and social integration of community as general are very strong before the horizontal conflict of SARA. The relative blood and deceived among family member in one community in the territory is very tight and familiar. Although their conviction on religion are different like the community in North and East Halmahera . The connection has grown a very strong harmony and social integration. In context connection of between Moslem and Christian, the social interaction situation is not based on cultural thinking and relative connection.
Now in North Moluccas community, the symbol who becomes the motto of North Moluccas government province that is Marimoi Ngone Masidika Ngone Foruru (be one is solidly made, separated is disperse), is the invitation for solidarities and participation. This cultural potential constitutes a very valuable asset development for being increased.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007).
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural South East Sulawesi province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
South East Sulawesi has several group of area language with different dialect. The difference of this dialect enrich Indonesian culture treasure. The group of area language in South East Sulawesi and each dialect are:
- Tolaki language group stand for: Mekongga dialect, Konawe dialect, Moronene dialect, Wawonii dialect, Kulisusu dialect, Kabaena dialect;
- Muna language group stand for: Tiworo dialect, Mawasangka dialect, Gu dialect, Katobengke dialect, Siompu dialect, Kadatua dialect;
- Pongana language group stand for: Lasalimu dialect, Kapontori dialect, Kaisabu dialect;
- Walio (Buton) language group stand for: Kraton dialect, Pesisir dialect, Bungi dialect, Tolandona dialect, Talaga dialect;
- Cia-Cia language group stand for: Wobula dialect, Batauga dialect, Sampolawa dialect, Lapero dialect, Takimpo dialect, Kandawa dialect, Halimambo dialect, Batuatas dialect, Wali dialect (in Binongko island);
|
|
6. Suai language group stand for: Wanci dialect, Kaledupa dialect, Tomia dialect, Binongko dialect.
To arrange life connection among community there is a custom law is always obeyed by community. The kind of custom law that is land law, community intercourse law, married law and heir law.
South East Sulawesi has many kinds of potential arts that enrich the Indonesian culture treasure. The kinds of arts are dance art, carved art, paint art, sing art and sound art. The dance art constitute community dance who are performed at every traditional ceremony or welcome high guests to be accompanied by traditional music tools like gong, kecapi, and bamboo flute blowing besides modern music kinds of dance art in Central Sulawesi are: Umoara dance, Mowindahako dance, Molulo dance, Ore-Ore dance, Linda dance, Dimba-Dimba dance, Moide-Moide dance, Honari dance.
Besides that South East Sulawesi well known also with Carved art that is Silver carved where as the others carved art are rattan plait and gembol table from wood.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural North Sulawesi Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
The inhabitations of North Sulawesi consists of three main ethnic group, each is Minahasa ethnic group, Sangihe and Taulud ethnic group, and Bolaang Mongondow ethnic group, each ethnic group is divided into sub ethnic which have language, tradition, and uniquely social norms. Those are make language in that province is divided into Minahasa Language (Tolour, Tombulu, Tonsea, Tontemboan, Tonsawang, POnosakan, dan Batik); Sangihe Talaud language (Sangie Besar, Siau, Talaud); and Bolaang Mongondow (Mongondow, Bolaan, Bintauna, Kaidipang). Nevertheless, Indonesia language is used and understood by almost of inhabitants there.
North Sulawesi society are dominated by Minahasa ethnic group (33,2%), followed by Sangir ethnic group (19,8%), Bolaang Mongondow
|
|
ethnic group (11,3%), Gorontalo ethnic group (7,4%) then Totembon ethnic group (6,8%). Folksongs which is friendly they sung is Sia Patokaan and O Ina Ni Keke. In Manado city and around, language that is daily used is Melayu Manado. Manado vernacular is similar with Indonesian language but with special accent. Some words in Manado’s dialect are from Dutch and Portuguese because these areas were The Dutch and Portuguese subjugated territory.
Inhabitants in Manado City consists of various ethnic although religion background. The majority of the inhabitants are from Minahasa ethnic group, followed by Sangihe Talaud ethnic group, Bolaang Monondow ethnic group, Gorontalo ethnic group and Tionghoa society descent. Besides that there is also Java, Batak, Arabic, Maluku, Makasar ethnic, etc. the majority of the inhabitants there are Protestants and Catholic. Many churches can be found in the entire city. Nevertheless, Manado community is known so tolerant, harmony, open minded and dynamic. Because of that Manado city has social environment which is quite conducive and known as one of cities that is quite safe in Indonesia. When this country as in dangerous because of political turmoil in 1999and many disturbances knocked down cities in Indonesia, Manado can be said quite safe. That thing reflected from the motto of community there, torang samua basudara (we all are related).
Folk music from Manado city and around is Kolintang. This musical instrument is made from some woods which have different length so that it produces different tones. Usually to play a song is needed amount of kolintang musical instrument to produce good combination voice.
Manado community also called “Warga Kawanua”. Although especially Kawanua is for Minahasa ethnic group, generally Manado inhabitants can also called as Warga Kawanua. In Minahasa vernacular,”Kawanua” usually menat as country inhabitants or “wanua-wanua” which is united or “Mina-Esa” (Minahasa People). Word “Kawanua” surly come from word “Wanua”, which in Melayu Tua language (Proto Melayu) is meant as settlement zone. While in Minahasa language, word “Wanua” is meant country or village.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural South Sulawesi Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
Many ethnics and local languages are used in South Sulawesi community but the most dominant ethnic also the most general language are Makasar, Bugis, and Toraja. One of the most famous culture until abroad is Tana Toraja custom culture special and interest region. The folksong is always sung among Makasar song that is Ma Rencong-Rencong, Pakarena, and Angin Mamiri. Where as Bugis’ song are Indo Logo, and Bulu Alaina Tempe and for Tana Toraja is Tondo song.
Custom houses in Bugis, Makasar and Tator have almost the same from traditional architecture. Those houses are built on poles that’s why they have space underneath. The house the height of the space underneath is adapted in every step with their social status for example king, noble, hold an important position person and common people. The community there believe all this time the first prehistory inhabitant in South Sulawesi are Toale people. It is based on finding Fritz and Paul Sarasin about Toale people,
|
|
There is also philosophy “Namo maega Pabbisena Nabongngo Pollopina, Teawa Nalureng”, means that even there are let a lot of rowers but if rudder isn’t an expert, I don’t want to go sailing. In this case, this philosophy teach us if there is a leader who is not smart, we shouldn’t follow him even if he has a lot of guardian.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007).
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural Central Sulawesi Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
The citizen of Central Sulawesi is Palu. This city is located in Palu gulf and it is divided into two rivers there are Palu river who stretch out from Palu valley and empty into sea. Sulawesi community originally stand for 12 ethnics, they are:
1. Kaili ethnic live in Donggala regency and Palu city;
2. Kulawi ethnic live in Donggala regency;
3. Lore ethnic live in Poso regency;
4. Amona ethnic live in Poso regency;
5. Mori ethnic live in Morowali regency;
6. Bungku ethnic live in Morowali regency;
7. Saluan or Loinang ethnic live in Banggai regency;
8. Balantak ethnic live in Banggai regency;
9. Banggai ethnic live in Banggai regency;
10. Buol ethnic live in Buol regency; |
|
|
11. Tolitoli ethnic live in Tolitoli regency, and
12. Tomini ethnic live in Parigi Moutong regency
From 12 ethnics mentioned above, count of custom leaders are 216 people. Besides 12 ethnics, there are a few foreigner ethnic live in mountainous like Da’a in Donggala, Wana ethnic in Morowali, Saesea ethnic in Banggai, and Daya ethnic in Buol Tolitoli. Despite community of Central Sulawesi have 22 different languages between one ethnic and the others, but community can communicate each other by using Indonesian language as national language and daily communication language.
Besides the original community of Central Sulawesi there are also inhabited by transmigrated like from Bali, Java, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara with Bugis and Makasar community and the other ethnics in Indonesia from the beginning of 19th century and they have enlarge. The community of this area about 2.128.000 people and the most religion is Moslem, and the other are Chiristian, Hindu, and Buddhist. Religion tolerance degree is very high and spirit of strong community self help constitute part of community life.
The community who live in rural area is led by the custom leader besides of government leader like village leader. The custom leader decide custom law and fine in the form of buffalo for they collide. Generally honest and friendly community often have ceremony for receiving guests such as the tribute of white chicken, rice, eggs, and tuak who are ferment Ted and kept in bamboo.
Traditionally, the community of Central Sulawesi have a set of costume clothes that is made from ivo wood leather ( kind of banyan tree) which is smooth and has a high quality. This costume is different for man and woman.
Parts of custom and culture who are still had. Those are:
1. The costume made from ivo wood leather;
2. The custom house called Tambi;
3. The custom ceremony;
4. Art (Modero/party dance welcoming harvest, Vaino/reading of poems are sung at sadness. Dadendate, Kakula, Lumense, and Peule Cinde/dance for welcoming the most respectful guest, Mamosa/war dance, Morego/dance for welcoming hero, Pajoge/dance in installing king/official and Balia/dance which is connection with animism belief.
Besides it has custom and culture who constitute characteristic of this area, in Central Sulawesi also has unique handicraft that is: black wood handicraft (ebony), plait handicraft, Donggala weaving cloth handicraft, and cloth handicraft from ivo leather.
Generally, the condition of religion in 2005 is followed by community. There are:
1. Community of Moslem religion follower with percentage of 78,9%;
2. Community of Christian religion follower with percentage of 16,29%;
3. Community of Catholic religion follower with percentage of 1,47%;
4. Community of Hindu religion follower with percentage of 3,07%;
5. Community of Buddhist religion follower with percentage of 0,68%.
Many kinds of religion follower in Central Sulawesi is communicated through communication among religion follower forum are function to dynamisize harmony among religion follower, government and the others.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural West Sulawesi Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
West Sulawesi according to the history stands on several kingdoms, proved extern artefak out of Mandar afdelling. There are 14 kingdoms each of them Balanipa, Banggae, Pamboang, Sendana, Tappalang, Mamuju, Binuang, Rante Bulahan, Aralie, Mambi, Tabulahan, Matangga, Bambang, and Tabang kingdom.
There are six languages used by each of the, Mandar, Toraja, Bugis, Makasar, Java, and Bali . There are several ethnics that become kinds of culture in West Sulawesi , among others Mandar (49,15%), Toraja (13,39%), Bugis (10,79%), Java (5,38%), Makasar ethnic (1,59%) and the other ethnics.
The Mandar people are experienced sailor. When they are sailing, they are would dock at the well and never surrender. It is proved by the frase “Takkalai disombalang dotai lele ruppu dadi na tuali di lolangan” Mandar people glorify good cases, well and glory Mandar community have idea to become their region “Mandar yang masagena na mala
|
|
bi”, means Mandar region is visible and glory.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural West Nusa Tenggara Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
To be observed from culture social, NTB community is still classify into traditional based on ethnics culture of original community that is Sasak ethnic in Lombok island, Mbojo ethnic in Bima and Dompu regency and then Sumawa ethnic in Sumbawa regency and west Sumbawa. Both of big culture which influence history development in Indonesia that is Moslem and Hindu culture still develop and stay at NTB community, such as Sasak, Sumbawa, and Mbojo and others language who are used that is Sasak, Sumbawa, and Mbojo language.
The symptom of culture at NTB community life which is very dominate is
|
|
depended and obedient to religion and custom figure as leader in daily life, because influence community life who is based on patria his system. The Interpretation religion doctrine which is not exact yet often influence attitude and view of community who is plementated at social system value and culture so it can influence the view of community to women and men situation in getting community life.
The culture in NTB constitute basic capital a very important one of the first source of territory development, besides that territory culture very kinds reflect national culture, knowledge and technology, and then ability as specific and unique.
The development of culture in 2005 is indicate to support cultivator and social service development. Target of culture development in 2005 is to informed social structure, culture creativity and support capacity nature that conducive for forming nation it self, the spread development of culture capital and social capital facilitated by the growth and the development of lesson culture which is oriented IPTEK and art oriented. The organize culture asset that can achieved fairly for society and carried out effort and the policy of management religiousness culture which is comprehensive, systematic, and continuity to strengthen an integrated nation.
In that connection, the priority of the development culture field in 2005 is located in that effort to develop the growth of appreciation to the national culture wealth and to reinforce the nation identity, to organize various culture, and to develop any association of nation shape, to develop NTB’s culture as the promoter of culture development in the framework of economic construction society.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007).
|
| |
|
| |
| |
Social and Cultural East Nusa Tenggara Province |
| |
|
|
 |
|
NTT province rich in various culture both of language and ethnics which are mention below:
- The amount of territory language
The amount of languages is quite a lot and spread out in these islands. There are:
- Timor, Rote, Sabu, and other small island arround it uses Kupang language, Melayu Kupang, Dawan Amarasi, Helong Rote, Sabu, Tetun, and Bural language;
|
|
- Alor and other islands around it, uses Tewo kedebang language, Blagar, Lamuan Abui, Adeng, Katola, Taangla, Pui, Kolana, Kui, Pura Kang Samila, Kule, Aluru, Kayu Kaileso;
- Flores and other islands around it uses Malay language, Laratuka, Lamaholot, Kedang, Krawe, Palue, Sikka, Lio Ende, Naga Keo, Ngada, Ramba, Ruteng, Manggarai, Bajo, Komodo;
- Sumba and other small islands around it uses Kambera Language, Wewewa, Anakalang, Lamboya, Mamboro, Wanokaka, Loli, Kodi.
- The amount ethnic group
The original citizen of NTT are divided into several ethnic group who stays at the spread region all over the NTT’s area, they are:
- Helong, part of Kupang regency area (Central Kupang district, West Kupang and Semau);
- Dawan, part of Kupang area (Amarasi district, Amfoang, East Kupang, central Kupang, the South of central Timor regency, the North of central Timor , Belu ( part of border TTU);
- Tetun, majority Belu regency and Timor Leste nation area;
- Kemak, minority Belu regency and Timor Leste nation area;
- Marae, minority West Belu regency near the border of Timor Leste nation;
- Rote, majority Rote island and all along the North beach of Kupang regency and Semau;
- Sabu/Rae Havu, Sabu and Raijua island and several area in Sumba ;
- Sumba, Sumba island;
- Manggarai Riung, the North Flores island especially Kan Manggarai and West Manggarai ;
- Ngada, majority is Ngada regency;
- Ende Lio, Ende regency;
- Sikka-Krowe Muhang, Sikka regency;
- Lamaholor, east Flores regency comprises Adonara Island , Solor Island , and a part of Lomblen Island;
- Kedang, eastern most of Lomblen Island;
- Labala, southern most of Lomblen Island;
- Alor and Pantar Island.
- Customs, traditions and culture value
The culture which are influences the customs come from several ethnics or nation among others: China , Java, Bugis, Makasar, Ambin/Maluku, Portuguese, and Holland . Besides the ethnics above east Nusa Tenggara province is also occupied by the comer ethnics those are China descend, Arab, Bugis Makasar, Buton, Bajo, Java and also the other several ethnics.
Source: Indonesia Tanah Airku (2007). |
|